Conlan, Thomas. In Little Need of Divine Intervention.
Rossabi, Morris. Kublai Khan: His Life and Times.
Turnbull, Stephen. The Mongol Invasions of Japan of 1274-1281.
Adams, Ryon. Outfought and Outthought: Reassessing the Mongol Invasions of Japan.
Images
Japanese forces arrayed along the new defensive walls of Hakata. The walls proved invaluable to holding the city and preventing a large scale Mongol landing.Samurai and Mongol vessels engage in Hakata bay.Japanese raiding vessels (right) raid a Yuan dynasty warship. These naval raids were incredibly effective, leading to the decision to lash Yuan ships together for safety — and making the ships vulnerable in turn to typhoon winds.An Edo period print of the 2nd typhoon.Wrecks of Mongol vessels from the 1281 invasion, like this one discovered in 2011, are shedding new light on our understanding of both the invasion itself, and of medieval Chinese shipbuilding techniques.General Tran, who led the war effort against the Mongols in Vietnam, remains a cultural hero to the Vietnamese people. His skillful generalship also prevented Kubilai from amassing a new force for a third invasion.
